Ngokomlinganiselo, i-International Energy Agency (IEA) ikhuphe ngaphambili "iNgxelo ekhethekileyo kwi-Photovoltaic Global Supply Chain", ebonisa ukuba ukususela kwi-2011, i-China ityale imali engaphezu kwe-50 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US ukwandisa amandla okuvelisa izixhobo ze-photovoltaic, eziphindwe ka-10. leyo yaseYurophu.I-China idale imisebenzi engaphezu kwama-300,000 yokuvelisa;Ishishini lokuvelisa i-photovoltaic yaseTshayina lithatha ubuncinci be-80% yomthamo wemveliso yehlabathi kuwo onke amakhonkco emveliso yeepaneli zelanga, ukusuka kwizinto ze-silicon, i-silicon ingots, ii-wafers ukuya kwiiseli kunye neemodyuli, phakathi kwazo ezona ziphantsi Eyona nto iphakamileyo yi-silicon (79.4%), kunye eyona iphezulu yisilicon ingot (96.8%).I-IEA iqikelela ngakumbi ukuba ngo-2025, amandla emveliso yaseTshayina kunxibelelwano oluthile luya kubalelwa kwi-95% okanye ngaphezulu.

Akumangalisi ukuba i-IEA izakusebenzisa "ukulawula" ukuchaza ubume beshishini le-photovoltaic laseChina, kwaye ibango lokuba ibeka isoyikiso kwikhonkco lonikezelo lwe-photovoltaic yehlabathi. oorhulumente kufuneka bajongane.” Ukuba uyijonga ngokomgangatho, inika umdla ngakumbi into yokuba amagqabantshintshi kwi-"New York Times" athathe imboni ye-photovoltaic yaseTshayina njengesisongelo esikhulu."Ithiyori yesisongelo" yokugqibela isenokuba yi-5G.

Kodwa iipaneli zelanga azikho kuphela ikhonkco kwikhonkco lexabiso lePV elilawulwa ziinkampani zaseTshayina.Eli nqaku ligxile kwelinye elingaphantsi, kodwa isixhobo esibaluleke ngokulinganayo kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa amandla e-photovoltaic-i-photovoltaic inverter.

Inverter, intliziyo kunye nengqondo ye-photovoltaics

I-photovoltaic inverter inokuguqula umbane othe ngqo owenziwe yimodyuli yeseli yelanga kwimodyuli yokutshintshana ngoku kunye ne-frequency adjustable frequency kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kunye nobomi.I-inverter nayo inoxanduva lokwandisa amandla okuvelisa amandla eepaneli ze-photovoltaic kunye nokubonelela ngokukhuselwa kwesiphoso senkqubo, kubandakanywa kodwa kungaphelelanga ekusebenzeni ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nemisebenzi yokuvala, imisebenzi yokulawula ukulandelela umbane ophezulu, uluhlu lwemisebenzi efunwa yi-grid-connected systems, njl. .

Ngamanye amagama, umsebenzi ophambili we-photovoltaic inverter unokushwankathelwa njengokulandelela amandla aphezulu okukhutshwa kwe-photovoltaic module array, kunye nokondla amandla ayo kwigridi kunye nelahleko encinci yokuguqulwa kunye nomgangatho wamandla ongcono kakhulu.Ngaphandle "kwentliziyo kunye nengqondo" yale nkqubo ye-photovoltaic, umbane oveliswa ngamaseli elanga akhoyo ngoku awunakufumaneka kubantu.

Ukususela kumbono wesikhundla se-industrial chain chain, i-inverter ifumaneka kwi-downstream ye-photovoltaic industry, kwaye ingena kwikhonkco kwinkqubo yokwakha inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla (kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi ifom).

Ukususela kumbono weendleko, umlinganiselo we-photovoltaic inverters kwiindleko awuphezulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo, umlinganiselo weenkqubo ze-photovoltaic ezisasazwayo ziphezulu kunezo zikhululo zamandla omhlaba.

Ii-inverters ze-photovoltaic zangoku zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela, eziqhelekileyo kwaye zilula ukuyiqonda, kwaye ziyahlukaniswa ngeentlobo zeemveliso.Kukho iintlobo ezine ikakhulu: i-centralized, intambo, ihanjiswe kunye ne-inverters ezincinci.Phakathi kwabo, i-micro-inverter ihluke kakhulu kwezinye izixhobo ezintathu, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa kuphela kwiinkqubo ezincinci zokuvelisa amandla e-photovoltaic, njenge-photovoltaics yasekhaya, kwaye ayifanelekanga kwiinkqubo ezinkulu.

Ngokombono wesabelo semakethi, abaguquli beentambo bathathe indawo eyongameleyo, ii-inverters ezisembindini zibekwe kwindawo yesibini kunye nomsantsa omkhulu, kunye nezinye iintlobo ezibalwe kancinci kakhulu.Ngokutsho kwedatha enikezwe yi-CPIA, i-akhawunti ye-string inverters ye-69.6%, i-inverters ye-centralized inverters ye-27.7%, i-inverters esasazwayo inesabelo semarike malunga ne-2.7%, kwaye i-inverters encinci ayibonakali.izibalo.

Isizathu sokuba imveliso ye-inverter ekhoyo ngoku yeyohlobo lwentambo kukuba: uluhlu lwe-voltage yokusebenza lubanzi kwaye amandla okuvelisa amandla anamandla ekukhanyeni okuphantsi;isiguquli esinye silawula iinxalenye zebhetri ezimbalwa, ngokubanzi kuphela amashumi, elincinane kakhulu kunesiguquli esikwindawo esembindini Inani lamawaka eejeneretha, impembelelo yokusilela okungalindelekanga ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane kukonke kuphantsi kakhulu;iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa ziphantsi, ukufumanisa impazamo kulula, kwaye xa impazamo isenzeka, ixesha lokusombulula ingxaki lifutshane, kwaye ukungaphumeleli kunye nokugcinwa kubangela ilahleko encinci.

Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba ukongeza kwizityalo zamandla amakhulu, imboni ye-photovoltaic nayo ineemeko ezininzi zesicelo, kwaye kukho iindidi ezininzi ze-photovoltaics ezisasazwayo, ezifana ne-photovoltaics yasekhaya, i-photovoltaics yophahla lwefektri, i-photovoltaic yokwakha ephezulu. iindonga zamakhethini, njalo njalo.Kwizixhobo ezinjalo zokuvelisa amandla e-photovoltaic, urhulumente unezicwangciso ezihambelanayo.Ngokomzekelo, kwiSicwangciso sokuPhunyezwa kweCarbon Peaking kwi-Urban and Rural Construction ekhutshwe nguMphathiswa weZindlu kunye noPhuhliso lweDolophu-yasemaphandleni kunye neKomishoni yoPhuhliso lweSizwe kunye noHlaziyo ngoJulayi, kukhankanyiwe ukuba ngo-2025, izakhiwo ezitsha zeziko loluntu, Uphahla. ireyithi yokugubungela i-photovoltaic yesakhiwo somzi-mveliso esandula kwakhiwa siya kufikelela kwi-50%.Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zesicelo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo ze-photovoltaic inverters, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwemboniselo ye-photovoltaic, impembelelo yokuphindaphinda kwezobuchwepheshe kwi-industry ayikwazi ukuhoywa, okwenza ukuba isakhiwo semarike ye-photovoltaic inverters singaqinisekanga.

Ngokumalunga nobukhulu beemarike, kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba ngenxa yokuba ngaphezu kwenkampani enye ehamba phambili kwi-inverter industry ayidweliswanga, ukuchazwa kolwazi olungaphelelanga kubangele ubunzima obuthile beenkcukacha-manani, okubangele ulwahlulo oluthile kwidatha enikwe ngamaziko ahlukeneyo ngenxa impembelelo yomgangatho.

Ukususela kumbono wobungakanani beemarike, ngokwezibalo zokuthunyelwa: IHS Markit's PV inverter inverter inverter in 2021 malunga ne-218GW, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka malunga ne-27%;Idatha ye-Wood Mackenzie ingaphezulu kwe-225GW, Ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-22%.

Isizathu sokuba imboni ye-inverter ye-photovoltaic yangoku inokhuphiswano olukhulu ngenxa yenzuzo enkulu yexabiso eliziswa kukwazi ukulawula iindleko ezizinzileyo zamashishini asekhaya.Kweli nqanaba, phantse lonke uhlobo lwe-inverter e-China lunenzuzo ecacileyo yeendleko, kwaye ixabiso nge-watt nganye limalunga ne-50% okanye i-20% yeendleko zaphesheya.

Ukwehliswa kweendleko kunye nokunyuka ngokufanelekileyo lisikhokelo sokuphucula

Ngeli nqanaba, ii-inverters ze-photovoltaic zasekhaya ziye zaseka inzuzo ethile yokukhuphisana, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo oku akuthethi ukuba akukho nto yokuphucula ngakumbi kwishishini.Iindlela eziphambili zokunciphisa iindleko ze-photovoltaic inverters zexesha elizayo ziya kugxininisa kwiinkalo ezintathu: ukufakwa kwendawo yamacandelo abalulekileyo, ukuphuculwa koxinzelelo lwamandla kunye nokutsha kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo seendleko, izinto ezithe ngqo ze-photovoltaic inverters ze-akhawunti yezinga eliphezulu kakhulu, elidlula i-80%, elinokuthi lihlulwe ngokucokisekileyo libe ngamacandelo amane: i-semiconductors yamandla (ikakhulukazi i-IGBTs), i-mechanical parts (izingxenye zeplastiki, i-die castings, i-radiators; Amacandelo ensimbi yephepha, njl.), izixhobo ezincedisayo (izinto zokukhusela, izinto zokupakisha, njl.), kunye nezinye izinto ze-elektroniki (i-capacitors, inductors, iisekethe ezidibeneyo, njl.).Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lezinto ezisetyenziswa kwii-inverters ze-photovoltaic zichaphazeleka kakhulu ngezinto eziluhlaza ezinyukayo, ubunzima bokuvelisa abukho phezulu, ukhuphiswano lweemarike sele lwanele, ukuncitshiswa kweendleko ngakumbi kunzima, kwaye indawo yokuxoxisana iyancipha, engakwazi ukubonelela kakhulu. uncedo lokunciphisa iindleko ezongezelelweyo zee-inverters.

Kodwa izixhobo ze-semiconductor zihlukile.I-semiconductors yamandla i-akhawunti ye-10% ukuya kwi-20% yeendleko ze-inverter.Ziyizona nxalenye eziphambili zokuqonda umsebenzi wokuguqula i-DC-AC we-inverter, kwaye unqume ngokuthe ngqo ukuguqulwa kwezixhobo zokusebenza.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezithintelo zeshishini eliphezulu le-IGBTs, inqanaba lendawo yokuhlala kweli nqanaba aliphezulu.

Oku kwenza ii-semiconductors zamandla zibe namandla amaxabiso anamandla kunezinye izixhobo.Ikwakunqongophala kwe-semiconductor yehlabathi kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ukusukela ngo-2021 okukhokelele kuxinzelelo olucacileyo kwingeniso yee-inverters, kwaye umda wengeniso yeemveliso unqabile kakhulu.Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwee-semiconductors zasekhaya, i-inverter industry ilindeleke ukuba iqonde ukutshintshwa kwendawo ye-IGBTs kwixesha elizayo kwaye ifezekise ukuthotywa kweendleko ngokubanzi.

Ukunyuka koxinano lwamandla kubhekiselele kuphuhliso lweemveliso ezinamandla aphezulu phantsi kobunzima obufanayo, okanye iimveliso ezikhaphukhaphu phantsi kwamandla afanayo, ngaloo ndlela kuhlanjululwa iindleko ezimiselweyo zezakhiwo/izixhobo ezincedisayo kunye nokuzuza iziphumo zokunciphisa iindleko ezihambelanayo.Ngokwembono yeeparamitha zemveliso, ii-inverters ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo ngoku zihlala ziphucula amandla alinganisiweyo kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla.

Ukuphindaphinda kwetekhnoloji ngokuthe ngqo.Ishishini le-inverter linokufikelela kulawulo lweendleko kwaye livule ngakumbi imida yenzuzo ngokuqhubeka nokuphucula uyilo lwemveliso, ukunciphisa izixhobo, ukuphucula iinkqubo zemveliso, kunye nokutshintshela kwizixhobo ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

Ihlabathi elilandelayo, ukugcinwa kwamandla?

Ukongeza kwi-photovoltaics, enye isalathiso semarike yoshishino lwe-inverter yangoku yindawo yokugcina amandla ashushu ngokulinganayo.

Ukuveliswa kwamandla e-Photovoltaic, ngokukodwa i-photovoltaic systems esasazwayo, ine-intermittenncy yendalo kunye nokuguquguquka.Ukudibanisa kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla ukuphumeza unikezelo lwamandla oluqhubekayo kunye nozinzile sisisombululo esaziwayo ngokubanzi.

Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zenkqubo entsha yamandla, iNkqubo yokuGuqulwa kwamandla (PCS; ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi-inverter yokugcina amandla ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukuqonda) ibekho.I-PCS yinkqubo ye-electrochemical edibanisa inkqubo yebhetri kunye negridi yamandla ukuqonda uguqulo oluphindwe kabini lwamandla ombane.Ayinakuguqula kuphela i-alternating current kwi-current ngqo ukuhlawula ibhetri ngexesha lomthwalo womthwalo, kodwa iphinde iguqule i-current ngqo kwi-battery yokugcina kwi-alternating current ngexesha lomthwalo ophezulu kwaye udibanise kwigridi..

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemisebenzi enzima ngakumbi, igridi yamandla ineemfuno eziphezulu zokusebenza kwii-inverters zokugcina amandla, okukhokelela ekunyukeni okukhulu kwenani lamacandelo asetyenzisiweyo, anokuthi aphindwe kabini kunee-inverters ze-photovoltaic eziqhelekileyo.Kwangaxeshanye, imisebenzi entsonkothileyo nayo izisa imiqobo ephezulu yobugcisa.

Ngokuhambelanayo, nangona isikali esipheleleyo singesikhulu kakhulu, i-inverter yokugcina amandla sele ibonise inzuzo egqwesileyo, kwaye i-gross profit margin inenzuzo enkulu ngaphezu kwe-photovoltaic inverter.

Ukujonga imeko yangoku yoshishino, imarike yokugcina amandla phesheya yaqala ngaphambili, kwaye imfuno yomelele kunaleyo yase China.Iinkampani zasekhaya azikaseka ulawulo lwentengiso olufana nolo lwamacandelo ebhetri kunye nee-inverters kushishino.Nangona kunjalo, isikali semarike ye-inverters yokugcina amandla kule nqanaba ayinkulu, kwaye kukho i-gap enkulu ene-photovoltaic inverters.Akukho mahluko ucacileyo kukhuphiswano phakathi kweenkampani zasekhaya nezangaphandle, okusisiphumo sokhetho lweshishini.

Kumashishini, nangona kukho izithintelo ezithile zobuchwepheshe, iteknoloji ye-inverters yokugcina amandla kunye ne-photovoltaic inverters inemvelaphi efanayo, kwaye akunzima kakhulu ukuba amashishini aguqule.Kwaye kwimarike yasekhaya, eqhutywa yizo zombini imboni kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo, imboni yokugcina amandla ingene kwixesha lophuhliso olukhawulezayo, kunye nokukhula okubonakalayo kwemarike kunye nokuqiniseka okuqinileyo kweshishini, elisikhokelo esicacileyo sophuhliso lweshishini kwiinkampani ze-inverter.

Enyanisweni, iinkampani ezininzi ziye zazuza kwizinto ezilindelekileyo kwishishini lokugcina amandla.Ukujonga kwintsebenzo kwi-2021, imigca yeshishini lokugcina amandla kwiinkampani ezininzi zibonise ukukhula olomeleleyo.Nangona oku kukhula kunobudlelwane obuthile kunye nesiseko esiphantsi, kwanele ukubonisa ukuba uphuhliso lwezixhobo zokugcinwa kwamandla ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zinokuqiniseka okuqinileyo, kwaye akukho mathandabuzo ukuba kunengqiqo yezoshishino kunye nokukhula.

Indlela yokunciphisa iindleko ezizayo ze-inverters zokugcina amandla nazo zicacile, ezingahluke kakhulu kwi-photovoltaic inverters.Ijolise ekunciphiseni ixabiso lamacandelo, ngokukodwa ukutshintshwa kwendawo yendawo ye-semiconductors yamandla.Ekubeni inani lamacandelo asetyenzisiweyo likhulu kakhulu, liveliswa ngaphakathi.

Ukuba iinkampani ze-inverter zikhawulezisa uphuhliso lweemveliso zokuguqula amandla okugcina amandla, zixhomekeke kuphuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lokugcina amandla kunye neenzuzo ezisetyenzisiweyo zokukhuphisana ze-inverters ezixhunyiwe kwigridi, sinesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ishishini lasekhaya linalo lonke ithuba lokuxhomekeka kwi-China. Iingenelo zokuvelisa, ukuveliswa kokuchuma kweshishini le-photovoltaic kwikhonkco lexabiso lokugcina amandla, kunye nempumelelo yorhwebo yamashishini asekhaya nazo ziyiziphumo zendalo.